Samuel "Doc" Gruber | BBFS Owner and Director
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I have always loved the water and the beaches. As a child on Miami Beach, began my interest in marine biology by collecting shells from the age of seven. As I grew up I spent most of my days in or on the water, teaching myself to SCUBA dive at age 13 in 1952 and did competition swimming and springboard diving as my major sport. In my junior year at college, while spear fishing I was menaced by a huge hammerhead shark. I was absolutely terrified and awed yet the giant fish was beautiful, magnificent and was circling me! When he did not actually kill and consume me, I knew that I wanted to learn more about these creatures so right then and there I started my lifetime work on these splendid creatures! I decided to study the lemon shark because they were available locally and were able to survive in captivity fairly well. I spent my early career years in the laboratory studying their behavior and their sensory (vision, olfaction and hearing) physiology. But, soon I was spending so much time in the lab that I felt I was loosing my focus on the animal itself.
Doc with a juvenile
Lemon Shark
© Tim Taylor |
So I decided to change careers and to go out in the field with the lemon sharks. For over a decade I went to the Bahamas and Bimini in big modern research vessels courtesy of the National Science Foundation, in search of the lemon shark and its mysteries. During this period (1978-1990), I had been in a battle to the death with cancer called malignant lymphoma. It appears that I won, and getting a new lease on life I decided to forgo the research vessels and open my own field station on Bimini to conduct shark research on my own time. I thought I wouldn't have to beg for grants or funding if I could just get barely enough funds to run the station. But, eventually I managed to receive grants from the Office of Naval Research National Science Foundation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation National Sea Grant and the Florida State Department of Education! However the events of 9/11 overtook our funding so that today we rely heavily on generous patrons and philanthropic private donors. Thanks to these generous people and our loyal volunteers and capable staff we are able to keep the Shark Lab afloat and provide a research environment for the worthy graduate students who train and study the endangered lemon sharks in the clear waters of the Bahamas.
Biography
1955 Hollywood Beach, FL |
Dr. Gruber hails originally from Brooklyn, N.Y., grew up in south Florida. He entered college in 1956, studying first at Emory University and then earning his B.S. in Zoology from the University of Miami (FL). He followed up in quick succession with his M.S. and Ph.D. in Marine Science from the Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Science--again at the University of Miami. He has held several positions at the University of Miami and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Max-Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Seewiesen, Germany where he was a behavioral researcher. He conducted field studies at marine stations at Eilat, Israel, Hurghada, Egypt and Okinawa, Japan. His current position is Tenured Full Professor at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami; he also serves as Adjunct Professor of Biology with the University of North Carolina (Wilmington) and is founder and director of the Bimini Biological Field Station, Bimini, Bahamas. Dr. Gruber is council member of the Bahamas National Trust and board member of the University of Southern Mississippi's College of Marine Science.
Professional Life
1986 Sinking boat with huge
tiger shark (water spilling over transom) |
Dr. Gruber is a recognized authority of shark behavior--both as to field studies and in regard to visually guided behavior, and physiology. He is a longtime member of numerous professional societies and founded the American Elasmobranch Society in 1983. He founded the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) Shark Specialist Group and was its Chairperson between 1991 and 1996.
Presentations
Dr. Gruber has presented over 125 meeting and invited lectures on a wide range of topics related to shark biology. He has mentored some 35 graduate students at UM, worked tirelessly to promote conservation of sharks, educational opportunities for teachers and minority high school students, provides professional service as a grant reviewer and has taught advanced courses at UM in animal behavior, tropical marine biology, and the physiology and behavior of marine organisms.
Research Emphasis
1964 Measuring shark on
R/V Delaware |
The National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, the State of Florida, the US-Isreal Binational Science Foundation and many NGOs have funded Dr. Gruber's 34-year research career. He has been expedition leader on 49 research cruises around the Atlantic Ocean. His prolific research career has thus far resulted in about 170 peer-reviewed, scientific publications. These ranged from works on shark repellants (including natural repellants such as that secreted by the Moses sole); shark maintenance in the laboratory; the visual, olfactory, and acoustic system of sharks; bioenergetics, age and growth, productivity, survival and nutrition in sharks; telemetry studies including habitat selection and homing of lemon sharks and eagle rays; circulating steroid hormones; commensal behaviors of stingrays and cleaner wrasses; and a number of anatomical studies on sharks. His recent emphasis has been on the ecology and conservation biology of sharks.
Some Recent Publications
Krause S, Mattner L James R, Guttridge T , Corcoran M J, Gruber SH & Krause J submitted. Social Network Analysis and Valid Markov Chain Monte Carlo Tests of Null Models. BES journal
A. Reeve, A, R. D. Handy, R. D. and S. H. Gruber Submitted. Prey selectivity by juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris Poey 1868) under semi natural conditions in a sub tropical lagoon, Bimini, Bahamas. JFB Manuscript 05-204 J. Fish Biology
DiBattista J.D., Feldheim K.A., Gruber S. H., and A. P. Hendry. 2008. Are indirect genetic benefits associated with polyandry? Testing predictions in a natural population of lemon sharks. Molecular Ecology 17: 783-795
Afonso, A. S. and S. H. Gruber 2007. Pueruli Settlement in the Caribbean Spiny Lobster, Panulirus argus, at Bimini, Bahamas. Crustaceana 80:1355-1371
DiBattista, J. D., K. A. Feldheim, S. H. Gruber, A. P. Hendry 2007. When bigger is not better: selection against large size, high condition and fast growth in juvenile lemon sharks. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20 (1), 201–212.
Gedemke, T. Hoenig J., Musick J., W. DePaul W. and S H. Gruber. 2007. Using Demographic Models to Determine Intrinsic Rate of Increase and Sustainable Fishing for Elasmobranchs: Pitfalls, Advances, and Applications. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27:605-618
Wetherbee, B.M. Gruber, S. H and R.S. Rosa 2007. Movement patterns of juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) within a nursery characterized by tidal extremes: Atol das Rocas. Brazil. Mar Ecol Program Ser 343: 283-293
Freitas, R. S., Rosa, S. H. Gruber & B. M. Wetherbee. 2006. Early growth and juvenile population structure of lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris, in the Atol das Rocas Biological Reserve, off northeast Brazil. J. Fish Biology 68: 1319-1322
Arthur Popper, A, Richard Fay, Samuel Gruber, S. H. and W. Tavolga. 2005. JASA 118: (6), 3377
Barker, M. J., Gruber, S. H. Newman S. P. and V. Schluessel. 2005. In Spatial and temporal variation in growth of nursery-bound juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris): A comparison of two age-assigning techniques. Environmental Biol. Fish. 72: 343-355
Newman S.P., Gruber S. H. and R D. Handy. 2003. The scarecrow toadfish: habitat, abundance and size at maturity at Bimini Bahamas. J Fish Biology. 64, 248-252
Full listing of Dr. Gruber's Publications
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