Kimata, H. (2003). Listening to mozart reduces allergic skin wheal responses and in vitro allergen-specific IgE production in atopic dermatitis patients with latex allergy. Behav Med, 29, 15-9.
METHOD: Atopic dermatitis patients with latex allergy
listened to Mozart and Beethoven. Listening to Mozart reduced skin wheal
responses also decreased in vitro total IgE with concomitant skewing of
the cytokine pattern toward the Th1 type, that is, an increase in Th1
cytokine production and decrease in Th2 cytokine production by peripheral
blood mononuclear cells.
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Cooke, M., Chaboyer, W., Schluter, P. & Hiratos, M. (2005). The effect of music on preoperative anxiety in day surgery. J Adv Nurs, 52, 47-55.
METHOD: A randomized controlled trial design was conducted to assess anxiety before and after listening to patient preferred music. RESULTS: Music reduced anxiety.
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Haun, M., Mainous, R.O. & Looney, S.W. (2001). Effect of music on anxiety of women awaiting breast biopsy. Behav Med, 27, 127-32.
METHOD: this study investigated the effect of music on
the state anxiety of a sample of 20 patients awaiting breast biopsy. The
experimental group was given a 20-minute music-based intervention in a
preoperative holding area. RESULTS: Posttest state anxiety
and respiratory rates of the patients in the experimental group were significantly
lower than those of the patients in the control group.
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Hernandez-Ruiz, E. (2005). Effect of music therapy on the anxiety levels and sleep patterns of abused women in shelters. Journal of Music Therapy, 42, 140-158.
METHOD: Twenty-eight women residing in two domestic violence shelters in a Midwestern city met with the researcher on five consecutive days for half-hour sessions. The dependent variables included: state anxiety measured by the STAI on the first and last sessions, and levels of fatigue as measured by the Fatigue Scale at waking time. The independent variable was a 20-minute recording of participant-selected music with a Progressive Muscle Relaxation script. RESULTS: Results indicated that music therapy reduced anxiety levels and improved sleep quality for the experimental group.
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Lee, O. K., Chung, Y. F., & Chan, W. M. (2005). Music and its effect on the physiological responses and anxiety levels of patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, 609-620.
METHOD: Sixty-four subjects were randomly assigned to either 30 minutes of music or a rest period. The subjects were asked to answer the State Trait Anxiety Inventory scale before and after the study period and physiological indices and resting behaviors were recorded before and after the study period in both groups. The subjects’ satisfaction with music was also obtained after music intervention. RESULTS: The findings indicate that patients on mechanical ventilation that listened to a single 30-minute session of music showed greater relaxation as manifested by a decrease in physiological indices and increase in comfortable resting behaviors.
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Chafin, S., Roy, M., Gerin, W. & Christenfeld N. (2004). Music can facilitate blood pressure recovery from stress. Br J Health Psychol, 9, 393-403.
METHOD: Participants performed a challenging three-minute
mental arithmetic task and then were assigned randomly to sit in silence or to
listen to one of several styles of music: classical, jazz or pop.
RESULTS: Participants who listened to classical music had
significantly lower post-task systolic blood pressure levels than did
participants who heard no music.
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Burns, D. S., Sledge, R. B., Fuller, L. A., Daggy, J. K., Monahan, P. O. (2005). Cancer patients’ interest and preferences for music therapy. Journal of Music Therapy, 42, 185-199.
METHOD: The goal of this study was to examine cancer patients’ interest in and preferences for using two types of music therapy interventions, music-making and music listening. Sixty-five patients completed the Music Interest Survey in addition to standardized measures of coping, affect, anxiety, and fatigue. RESULTS: Results suggest adult cancer patients are interested in music therapy, especially music listening. Patient interest and preference were associated with negative affect, anxiety, age, and self-efficacy. Findings highlight the need for a comprehensive assessment of patient needs and preferences prior to intervention.
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Argstatter, H., Haberbosch, W. & Bolay, H. Study of the effectiveness
of musical stimulation during intracardiac catheterization. Clinical
Research Cardiology, 95, 514-22
METHODS: patients waiting for a scheduled cardiac catheterization
were randomly allocated to one of three groups: control group (standard
care), exposure group (music stimulation during the procedure), or coaching
group (additional music therapeutic coaching). Target variables were anxiety
and physiological parameters. RESULTS: Music intervention
reduced anxiety (STAI-S reduction pre-post: exposure 11 pt, coaching:
4 pt, control: 6). Physiological values and medication did not differ
between the groups.
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Sendelbach, S.,Halm, M., Doran, K., Miller, E.H. & Gaillard, P. (2006). Effects of music therapy on physiological and psychological outcomes for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 81, 205-6.
METHODS: 50 patients received 20 minutes of music (intervention),
whereas 36 patients had 20 minutes of rest in bed (control). Anxiety,
pain, physiologic parameters, and opioid consumption were measured before
and after the 20-minute period. RESULTS: A significant
reduction in anxiety and pain was demonstrated in the group that received
music compared with the control group, but no difference was observed
in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, or heart rate. There
was no reduction in opioid usage in the 2 groups.
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Ovayolu, N., Ucan, O., Pehlivan, S., Pehlivan, Y., Buyukhatipoglu, H.,
Savas, M. & Gulsen, M. (2006). Listening to Turkish classical music
decreases patients' anxiety, pain, dissatisfaction and the dose of sedative
and analgesic drugs during colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled
trial. Clinical Research Cardiology, 95, 511-3.
METHODS: Patients undergoing elective colonoscopy were
randomized into either listening to music or not listening to music. Anxiolytic
and analgesic drugs were given according to the patients' demand. Medications
were monitored and their levels of anxiety were determined using the State-Trait
Anxiety Inventory. Patients' satisfaction, pain, and willingness to undergo
a repeated procedure were assessed using a visual analog scale. RESULTS:
The mean dose of sedative and analgesic drugs used in group 1 smaller
as compared to group 2 was the anxiety level was lower the satisfaction
score was higher and the pain score was lower.
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Van de Winckel, A., Feys, H., De Weerdt, W. & Dom, R. (2004). Cognitive and behavioural effects of music-based exercises in patients with dementia. Clin Rehabil, 18, 253-60.
METHOD: Fifteen patients attended exercise training for
three months, which consisted of daily physical exercises supported by
music for 30 min/session. They were compared with a group of 10 control
patients, who received an equal amount of attention through daily conversation.
The effect on cognition was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination
RESULTS: The exercise group showed a significant improvement
in cognition.
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Uedo, N., Ishikawa, H., Morimoto, K., Ishihara, R., Narahara, H., Akedo,
I., Ioka, T., Kaji, I. & Fukuda, S. (2004). Reduction in salivary cortisol
level by music therapy during colonoscopic examination.
Hepatogastroenterology, 51, 451-3.
METHOD: The subjects were 29 consecutive patients
undergoing colonoscopy while listening to music or while not listening to music.
RESULTS: Patients who listened to music during colonoscopy
tended to have lower pain scores. Salivary cortisol levels increased
significantly less in the group receiving music.
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Field, T., Martinez, A., Nawrocki, T., Pickens, J., Fox, N. & Schanberg, S. (1998). Music shifts frontal EEG in depressed adolescents. Adolescence, 33, 109-116.
METHOD: This study investigated the effects
of music on mood state and right frontal EEG activation associated with
chronic depression. Fourteen chronically depressed female adolescents
listened to rock music for a 23-minute session. These adolescents were
compared with a control sample of chronically depressed female adolescents
who were simply asked to sit and relax their minds and their muscles for
the same time period. EEG was recorded during baseline, music, and postmusic
for three minutes each, and saliva samples were collected before and after
the session to determine the effects of the music on stress hormone (cortisol)
levels. RESULTS: No group differences or changes were
noted for observed or reported mood state. However, cortisol levels decreased
and relative right frontal activation was significantly attenuated during
and after the music procedure. It was concluded that music had positive
effects on the physiological and biochemical measures even though observed
and self-reported mood did not change.
Hsu, W. C., & Lai, H. L. (2004). Effects of music on major depression in psychiatric inpatients. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 18, 193-199.
METHOD: Patients with major depressive disorder were recruited and listened to their choice of music for two weeks. Depression was measured with the Zung’s Depression Scale before the study and at two weekly posttests. RESULTS: Music resulted in significantly lower depression scores, as depression decreased weekly, indicating a cumulative dose effect.
Jones NA, Field T.(1999). Massage and music therapies attenuate frontal EEG asymmetry in depressed adolescents. Adolescence, 34, 529-34
METHOD: EEG asymmetry, specifically greater relative right frontal activation, is associated with negative affect. Depressed adults show stable patterns of this asymmetry. The present study assessed the effects of massage therapy and music therapy on frontal EEG asymmetry in depressed adolescents. Thirty adolescents with greater relative right frontal EEG activation and symptoms of depression were given either massage therapy (n = 14) or music therapy (n = 16). EEG was recorded for three-minute periods before, during, and after therapy. RESULTS: Frontal EEG asymmetry was significantly attenuated during and after the massage and music sessions.
Tornek A, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M, Jones N. (2003). Music effects on EEG in intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms. Psychiatry, 66, 234-43
METHOD: The EEG patterns of 48 intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms were assessed following a 20-minute music session to determine if the music had mood-altering effects. Half the mothers listened to classical music while half listened to rock music. Intrusive mothers were expected to have more positive responses and more symmetrical EEG following the calming classical music, while withdrawn mothers were expected to have a more positive response and symmetrical EEG following the energizing rock music. RESULTS: Although more positive EEGs were noted for rock music in both groups, only the withdrawn mothers showed a significant change in EEG toward symmetry following rock music, and only the intrusive mothers showed a decrease in cortisol levels following the rock music. Their State Anxiety Inventory (STAI) anxiety levels also decreased, while the Profile of Mood States (POMS) depressed mood levels decreased significantly for all four groups following music.
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Remington, R. (2002). Calming music and hand massage with agitated elderly. Nurs Res, 51, 317-23.
METHOD: A four group, repeated measures
experimental design was used to test the effect of a 10-minute exposure to
either calming music, hand massage, or calming music and hand massage
simultaneously, or no intervention on the frequency and type of agitated
behaviors in nursing home residents with dementia. RESULTS:
Each of the experimental interventions reduced agitation more than no
intervention. The benefit was sustained and increased up to one hour following
the intervention. Physically nonaggressive behaviors decreased during each of
the interventions.
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Guetin, S., Coudeyre, E., Picot, M.C., Ginies, P., Graber-Duvernay, B., Ratsimba, D., Banbiervliet, W., Blayac, J. C., & Herisson, C. E. (2005). Effect of music therapy among hospitalized patients with chronic low back pain: A controlled, randomized trial. Annales de Readaptation et de Medecine Physique, 48, 217-224.
METHOD: Sixty-five patients with low back pain were randomized to receive on alternate months standardized physical therapy plus four music therapy sessions between day 1 and day 5 or standardized physical therapy alone. Scores for pain (as measured on a visual analogue scale, disability and anxiety and depression (as measured on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale ) were collected on day 1,5 and 12. Pain intensity was also evaluated before and after the music therapy sessions. RESULTS: The therapy sessions during a reduced pain, disability as anxiety and depression.
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Nilsson, U., Unosson, M. & Rawal, N. (2005). Stress reduction and analgesia in patients exposed to calming music postoperatively: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 22, 96-102.
METHOD: Seventy-five patients undergoing open hernia repair as day care surgery were randomly allocated to three groups: intraoperative music, postoperative music and silence. RESULTS: There was a significantly greater decrease in the level of cortisol in the postoperative music group vs. the control group after 2 h in the post anaesthesia care unit. The postoperative music group had less anxiety and pain and required less morphine after 1 hour compared with the control group. In the postoperative music group the total requirement of morphine was significantly lower than in the control group.
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Tse, M. M., Chan, M. F., & Benzie, I. F. (2005). The effect of music therapy on postoperative pain, heartrate, systolic blood pressure and analgesic use following anal surgery. Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy, 19, 21-29.
METHOD: Fifty-seven patients were assigned to either an experimental or a control group. Music was played intermittently to members of the experimental group during the first 24 hour postoperative period. Pain intensity was measured using the Pain Verbal Rating Scales, RESULTS: Significant decreases in pain intensity over time were found in the experimental group compared to the control group. In addition, the experimental group had a lower systolic blood pressure and heart rate, and took fewer oral analgesics for pain. These findings suggest that music therapy is an effective nonpharmacologic approach for postoperative pain management.
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Robb, S.L. (2003). Music interventions and group participation skills of preschoolers with visual impairments: raising questions about music, arousal, and attention. J Music Ther, 40, 266-82.
METHOD: Children between the ages of 4 and 6 years participated
in 4, 30-minute instructional sessions. Two instructional sessions were
music-based and two were play-based with the 4 sessions equally distributed
across a 2-week period. RESULTS: Attentive behavior was
significantly higher during music based-sessions
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Lai, H.L. & Good M. (2005). Music improves sleep quality in older adults. J Adv Nurs,49 234-44.
METHOD: A randomized controlled trial was used with a two-group repeated measures design. Sixty people aged 60–83 years with difficulty in sleeping were recruited through community leaders and screened using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Participants listened to their choice among six 45-minute sedative music tapes at bedtime for 3 weeks. There were five types of Western and one of Chinese music. RESULTS: Music resulted in significantly better sleep quality in the experimental group, as well as significantly better components of sleep quality: better perceived sleep quality, longer sleep duration, greater sleep efficiency, shorter sleep latency, less sleep disturbance and less daytime dysfunction. Sleep improved weekly, indicating a cumulative dose effect.
