Allergy
Kimata,
H. (2003). Listening to mozart reduces allergic skin wheal responses and in vitro allergen-specific IgE production in atopic dermatitis patients with latex
allergy. Behavioral Medicine, 29, 15-19.
METHODS: Atopic dermatitis patients with latex allergy listened to
Mozart and Beethoven. RESULTS: Listening to Mozart reduced skin wheal
responses also decreased in vitro total IgE with
concomitant skewing of the cytokine pattern toward the Th1 type, that is, an
increase in Th1 cytokine production and decrease in Th2 cytokine production by
peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Yang, C.Y., Chen, C.H., Chu, H., Chen, W.C., Lee, T.Y., Chen, S.G., & Chou, K.R. (2011). The effect of music therapy on hospitalized psychiatric patients' anxiety, finger temperature and electroencephalography: a randomized clinical trial. Biological Research for Nursing, [Epub ahead of print].
METHODS: Hospitalized psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to a music or a control group. The experimental group received music therapy for 30 minutes each morning for 11 days. The Beck Anxiety Inventory was given and skin temperature and brain waves were monitored before, during, and after music therapy. RESULTS: The music group participants had lower scores on the BAI than control participants, after the music therapy and at 1-week follow-up. The music group had increased alpha EEG percentage and a decreased beta EEG percentage after the music therapy, suggesting greater relaxation.
Korhan, E.A., Khorshid, L., & Uyar, M. (2011).The effect of music therapy on physiological signs of anxiety in patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 7-8.
METHODS: Intensive care unit patients were randomized to a control group or a group who received 60 minutes of classical music. Physiological signs were taken immediately before the intervention and at the 30th, 60th and 90th minutes of the intervention. RESULTS: The music group had significantly lower respiratory rates, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure than the control group. This decrease improved progressively in the 30th, 60th and 90th minutes of the intervention, indicating a cumulative dose effect.
Cooke, M., Chaboyer, W., Schluter, P. & Hiratos, M.
(2005). The effect of
music on preoperative anxiety in day surgery. Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 52, 47-55.
METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design
was conducted to assess anxiety before and after listening to patient preferred
music. RESULTS: Music reduced anxiety.
Haun, M., Mainous, R.O. & Looney,
S.W. (2001). Effect of music on anxiety of women awaiting breast biopsy. Behavioral
Medicine, 27, 127-132.
METHODS: this study investigated the effect of music on the state
anxiety of a sample of 20 patients awaiting breast biopsy. The experimental
group was given a 20-minute music-based intervention in a preoperative holding
area. RESULTS: Posttest state anxiety and respiratory rates of the
patients in the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the
patients in the control group.
Hernandez-Ruiz,
E. (2005). Effect of music therapy on the anxiety levels and sleep patterns of
abused women in shelters. Journal of Music Therapy, 42, 140-158.
METHODS: Twenty-eight women residing in two domestic violence
shelters in a Midwestern city met with the researcher on five consecutive days
for half-hour sessions. The dependent variables included: state anxiety
measured by the STAI on the first and last sessions, and levels of fatigue as
measured by the Fatigue Scale at waking time. The independent variable was a
20-minute recording of participant-selected music with a Progressive Muscle
Relaxation script. RESULTS: Music therapy reduced anxiety levels and
improved sleep quality for the experimental group.
Holm, L. & Fitzmaurice,
L. (2008). Emergency department
waiting room stress: can music or aromatherapy improve anxiety scores? Pediatric
Emergency Care, 24, 836-838.
METHODS: Adults
accompanying children to the emergency department were assigned to no
intervention, music, aromatherapy, and both music and aromatherapy. RESULTS: Anxiety levels decreased on those days when music was playing.
Lee, O. K., Chung, Y. F., & Chan, W. M. (2005). Music and its effect on the physiological responses and
anxiety levels of patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a pilot study. Journal
of Clinical Nursing, 14, 609-620.
METHODS: Sixty-four subjects were randomly assigned to either 30
minutes of music or a rest period. The subjects were asked to answer the State
Trait Anxiety Inventory scale before and after the study period and
physiological indices and resting behaviors were recorded before and after the
study period in both groups. The subjects’ satisfaction with music was also
obtained after music intervention. RESULTS: The findings indicate that
patients on mechanical ventilation that listened to a single 30-minute session
of music showed greater relaxation as manifested by a decrease in physiological
indices and increase in comfortable resting behaviors.
Yang, M., Li, L., Zhu, H., Alexander,
I.M., Liu, S., Zhou, W.,
& Ren, X. (2009). Music therapy to relieve anxiety in
pregnant women on bedrest: a randomized, controlled
trial. The American Journal of Maternal and Child Nursing,
34, 316-323.
METHODS:
Pregnant women received music therapy for 30 minutes on 3 consecutive days.
Usual care participants had a 30-minute rest on 3 consecutive days. RESULTS:
Anxiety levels decreased and physiological responses (vital signs, fetal heart
rate) improved in the music group.
Autism
Katagiri, J. (2009). The effect of background music and song texts on the emotional understanding of children with autism. Journal of Music Therapy, 46, 15-31.
METHODS: Students (mean age 11.5 years) with autism were taught
four emotions to decode and encode: happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. The
treatment consisted of the four conditions: (a) no contact control no
purposeful teaching of the selected emotion, (b) contact control teaching the
selected emotion using verbal instructions alone, (c) background music teaching
the selected emotion by verbal instructions with background music representing
the emotion, and singing songs teaching the selected emotion by singing specially composed songs about the emotion. Participants
were given a pretest and a posttest and received 8 individual sessions between
these tests. RESULTS: The results indicated that all participants
improved significantly in their understanding of the four selected emotions.
Background music was significantly more effective than the other three
conditions in improving participants' emotional understanding.
Kim, J., Wigram, T., & Gold,
C. (2009). Emotional,
motivational and interpersonal responsiveness of children with autism in
improvisational music therapy. Autism, 13, 389-409.
METHODS: Children with autism were randomly assigned to
improvisational music therapy and toy play sessions. RESULTS:
Improvisational music therapy produced markedly more and longer events of
'joy', 'emotional synchronicity' and 'initiation of engagement' behaviours in the children than toy play sessions. In
response to the therapist interpersonal demands, 'compliant (positive)
responses' were observed more in music therapy than in toy play sessions, and
'no responses' were twice as frequent in toy play sessions as in music therapy.
Chafin, S., Roy, M., Gerin, W. & Christenfeld N. (2004). Music can facilitate blood pressure recovery from stress. British
Journal of Health Psychology, 9, 393-403.
METHODS: Participants performed a challenging three-minute mental
arithmetic task and then were assigned randomly to sit in silence or to listen
to one of several styles of music: classical, jazz or pop. RESULTS: Participants
who listened to classical music had significantly lower post-task systolic
blood pressure levels than did participants who heard no music.
Jeon, E.Y., Kim, S.Y., & Yoo, H.S. (2009). Effects of music therapy and rhythmic exercise on quality
of life, bloodpressure and upper extremity muscle
strength in institution-dwelling elderly women. Journal of Korean Academy of
Nursing, 39, 829-839.
METHODS: 18 elders received music therapy and rhythmic exercise. RESULTS:
Music therapy and rhythmic exercise had positive effects on quality of life,
especially on vitality, general health, mental health, blood pressure and upper
extremity muscle strength.
Brain Injury
Guétin, S., Soua,
B., Voiriot, G., Picot, M.C., & Hérisson, C. (2009). The effect of music therapy on mood and anxiety-depression:
An observational study in institutionalized patients with traumatic brain
injury. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 52, 30-40.
METHODS: Patients with traumatic brain injury took part in
individual, weekly, 1-hour music therapy sessions over a period of 20 weeks.
Each session was divided into two 30-minute periods - one devoted to listening
to music (receptive music therapy) and the other to playing an instrument
(active music therapy). RESULTS: Music therapy improved mood, from the
first session onwards. This short-term effect was confirmed by the immediate
changes in the scores after music therapy sessions. Music therapy also led to a
reduced anxiety and depression from week 10 until the end of the study (week
20).
Vianna, M.N., Barbosam A,P., Carvalhaes, A.S., & Cunha, A.J. (2011). Music therapy may increase breastfeeding rates among mothers of premature newborns: a randomized controlled trial. Jornal de Pediatria, 1, 87.
METHODS: In a randomized controlled trial, mothers of premature neonates participated in music therapy or a control group. The music therapy sessions were three times a week for 60 minutes. The endpoints were breastfeeding rates at the moment of infant hospital discharge and at follow-up visits (7-15 days, 30 and 60 days after discharge). RESULTS: Breastfeeding was more frequent in the music therapy group at discharge and at the follow-up visits.
Cancer
Li, X.M., Yan, H., Zhou, K.N., Dang, S.N., Wang, D.L., & Zhang, Y.P. (2011). Effects of music therapy on pain among female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy: results from a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Research Treatment, [Epub ahead of print].
METHODS: Breast cancer patients following a mastectomy were randomly assigned to a music or a control group. The intervention group received music therapy from the day after mastectomy to the third admission to hospital for chemotherapy in addition to the routine nursing care, while the control group received only routine nursing care. Pain scores were measured at baseline and at three post-tests. RESULTS: Music therapy reduced the pain scores.
Lin, M.F., Hsieh, Y.J., Hsu, Y.Y., Fetzer, S., & Hsu, M.C. (2011). A randomised controlled trial of the effect of music therapy and verbal relaxation on chemotherapy-induced anxiety. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 988-999.
METHODS: Chemotherapy patients were randomized into three groups. The music therapy group received a single, one-hour music session, the verbal relaxation group received 30 minutes of guided relaxation and the control group received usual care. RESULTS: Music therapy had a more positive effect on postchemotherapy anxiety than verbal relaxation and a greater increase in skin temperature. Patients with high anxiety had a greater decrease in postchemotherapy anxiety following music therapy than a normal anxiety subsample.
Burns, D. S., Sledge, R. B., Fuller, L. A., Daggy, J. K., Monahan, P. O. (2005). Cancer patients’ interest and preferences
for music therapy. Journal of Music Therapy, 42, 185-199.
METHODS: The goal of this study was to examine cancer patients’
interest in and preferences for using two types of music therapy interventions,
music-making and music listening. Sixty-five patients completed the Music
Interest Survey in addition to standardized measures of coping, affect,
anxiety, and fatigue. RESULTS: Results suggest adult cancer patients are
interested in music therapy, especially music listening. Patient interest and
preference were associated with negative affect,
anxiety, age, and self-efficacy. Findings highlight the need for a
comprehensive assessment of patient needs and preferences prior to
intervention.
Argstatter,
H., Haberbosch, W. & Bolay,
H. (2006). Study of the effectiveness of musical stimulation
during intracardiac catheterization. Clinical
Research Cardiology, 95, 514-522.
METHODS: patients waiting for a scheduled cardiac catheterization
were randomly allocated to one of three groups: control group (standard care),
exposure group (music stimulation during the procedure), or coaching group
(additional music therapeutic coaching). Target variables were anxiety and
physiological parameters. RESULTS: Music intervention reduced anxiety
(STAI-S reduction pre-post: exposure 11 pt, coaching: 4 pt, control: 6).
Physiological values and medication did not differ between the groups.
Sendelbach, S., Halm, M., Doran, K., Miller,
E.H. & Gaillard, P. (2006). Effects of music therapy on physiological and psychological
outcomes for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Annals of Thoracic
Surgery, 81, 205-206.
METHODS: 50 patients received 20 minutes of music (intervention),
whereas 36 patients had 20 minutes of rest in bed (control). Anxiety, pain,
physiologic parameters, and opioid consumption were
measured before and after the 20-minute period. RESULTS: A significant
reduction in anxiety and pain was demonstrated in the group that received music
compared with the control group, but no difference was observed in systolic
blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, or heart rate. There was no reduction
in opioid usage in the 2 groups.
Children
Sussman,
J.E. (2009). The effect of music on peer awareness in
preschool age children with developmental disabilities. Journal of
Music Therapy, 46, 53-68.
METHODS: Nine children with a developmental disability participated
in the study. Each participant completed 4 small group sessions with the
researcher and 2 other research participants. During each session, the children
participated in activities targeting peer awareness that incorporated musical
and play elements. Behavioral data were recorded representing the children's
sustained and alternating attention towards peers. RESULTS: Children
sustained attention towards peers for the longest durations and alternated
attention from peer to peer at the highest frequencies during activities that
utilized a musical.
Ovayolu, N., Ucan, O., Pehlivan, S., Pehlivan, Y., Buyukhatipoglu, H., Savas, M.
& Gulsen, M. (2006). Listening to Turkish classical music decreases patients'
anxiety, pain, dissatisfaction and the dose of sedative and analgesic drugs
during colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Clinical
Research Cardiology, 95, 511-513.
METHODS: Patients undergoing elective colonoscopy were randomized
into either listening to music or not listening to music. Anxiolytic and analgesic drugs were given according to the patients' demand. Medications
were monitored and their levels of anxiety were determined using the
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Patients' satisfaction, pain, and willingness to
undergo a repeated procedure were assessed using a visual analog scale. RESULTS:
The mean dose of sedative and analgesic drugs used in group 1 smaller as
compared to group 2 was the anxiety level was lower the satisfaction score was
higher and the pain score was lower.
Tam, W.W., Wong, E.L., & Twinn, S.F. (2008). Effect of music on procedure time and sedation during colonoscopy: A meta-analysis. World journal of Gastroenterology, 14, 5336-5343.
METHODS: An electronic search in various databases was performed to
identify related articles. RESULTS: Listening to music was effective in
reducing procedure time and amount of sedation during colonoscopy.
Van de Winckel, A., Feys, H., De Weerdt, W. &
Dom, R. (2004). Cognitive and behavioural effects of
music-based exercises in patients with dementia. Clinical
Rehabilitation, 18, 253-260.
METHOD: Fifteen patients attended exercise training for three
months, which consisted of daily physical exercises supported by music for 30
min/session. They were compared with a group of 10 control patients, who
received an equal amount of attention through daily conversation. The effect on
cognition was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination RESULTS: The
exercise group showed a significant improvement in cognition.
Cortisol
Uedo,
N., Ishikawa, H., Morimoto, K., Ishihara, R., Narahara,
H., Akedo, I., Ioka, T., Kaji, I. & Fukuda, S. (2004). Reduction
in salivary cortisol level by music therapy during colonoscopic examination. Hepatogastroenterology,
51, 451-453.
METHOD: The subjects were 29 consecutive patients undergoing
colonoscopy while listening to music or while not listening to music. RESULTS:
Patients who listened to music during colonoscopy tended to have lower pain
scores. Salivary cortisol levels increased
significantly less in the group receiving music.
Dementia
Chang, F.Y., Huang, H.C., Lin, K.C.,
& Lin, L.C. (2010). The effect of a music programme during lunchtime on the problem behaviour of the
older residents with dementia at an institution in Taiwan. Journal
of Clinical Nursing, 19, 939-948.
METHODS: For
eight weeks, residents with dementia were exposed to background music when they
had lunch. RESULTS: The music programme reduced physical and verbal aggressive behaviour among the older residents with dementia.
Guétin, S., Portet, F., Picot, M.C., Pommié, C., Messaoudi, M., Djabelkir, L., Olsen, A.L., Cano, M.M., Lecourt, E., Touchon, J. (2009). Effect of music therapy on anxiety and depression in patients with Alzheimer's type dementia: Randomised, controlled study. Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 28, 36-46.
METHODS: Individuals with Alzheimer’s participated in weekly
sessions of individual, receptive music therapy. The musical style of the
session was chosen by the patient. The control group (n = 15) participated
under the same conditions in reading sessions. RESULTS: Significant
reductions in anxiety and depression were observed in the music therapy group
from week 4 and until week 16. The effect of music therapy was sustained for up
to 8 weeks after the end of the treatment period.
Park, H.
& Pringle- Specht, J.K. (2009). Effect of
individualized music on agitation in individuals with dementia who live at
home.Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 35, 47-55.
Erkkilä, J., Punkanen, M., Fachner, J., Ala-Ruonam, E., Pöntiö, I., Tervaniemi, M., Vanhala, M., & Gold, C. (2011). Individual music therapy for depression: randomized controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, [Epub ahead of print].
METHODS: Depressed patients were randomized to receive individual music therapy plus standard care (20 bi-weekly sessions) or standard care only, and followed up at baseline, at 3 months (after intervention) and at 6 months. Clinical measures included depression, anxiety, general functioning, quality of life and alexithymia. RESULTS: The music group showed greater improvement on depression, anxiety and general functioning at the 3-month follow-up.
Lin, P.C., Lin, M.L., Huang, L.C., Hsu, H.C., & Lin, C.C. (2011). Music therapy for patients receiving spine surgery. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 960-968.
METHODS: Patients receiving spinal surgery listened to music from the evening before surgery to the second day after surgery and were compared to a control group. Anxiety and pain were measured with visual analogue scales. RESULTS: The music group had lower scores for both anxiety and pain. One hour after surgery, the mean blood pressure was significantly lower in the music group than the control group.